Drawing on ONN's satellite imagery and open-source research analysis, Ashraf explained that the facility appears to have been designed as a deeply buried and increasingly hardened site, with ongoing construction suggesting preparations for large-scale industrial use. He noted that its depth and the surrounding granite geology would make it significantly more resistant to conventional bunker-buster munitions than other Iranian nuclear facilities.
Ashraf also highlighted the challenges of assessing the effectiveness of any potential strike. While the United States could likely damage tunnel entrances and supporting infrastructure, he argued that eliminating the underground complex entirely by using conventional weapons would be far more difficult, particularly without post-strike inspections to verify the extent of the damage.
Reflecting on the broader implications for nuclear risk reduction, Ashraf warned that military action against the site could further complicate international verification efforts while increasing the risks of regional escalation. He emphasised that without renewed access for international inspectors, uncertainty surrounding Iran's nuclear activities would likely persist even after any potential attack.
